For healthcare professionals. For you. 18 MED Software Vernetzte Geräte mit intelligenter Software-Konnektivität 29 MED Komponenten Hilfe für Gelähmte: Kompaktes und leichtes Exoskelett 33 Medizintechnik aus den Fokusregionen Projekt Listen2Future: Akustische Sensorlösungen 04 | 2023 Vol 32 ISSUE 2/23 • June 2023 THE EUROPEAN FORUM FOR THOSE IN THE BUSINESS OF MAKING HEALTHCARE WORK Cancer patients at risk Blood test detects risk of neurotoxicity from CAR T-cell therapy 3 2 0 2 r e b m e z e D Dezember 2023 92. Jahrgang ku-gesundheitsmanagement.de Evidence of a stroke (red arrows) is seen on this MRI scan of a brain of a patient who developed neurotoxic side effects after CAR T-cell therapy. © Dr Omar H. Butt of Washington University at St. Louis is an therapy Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell im- munotherapy treatment that re- engineers a patient’s own T-cells to help them attack malignant tumour cells. It has been very ef- fective in the treatment of blood cancers, including certain types of leukaemia and lymphoma. However, two serious side effects are common as a result of the treatment: cytokine release syn- drome (CRS) and immune effec- tor cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). ICANS Researchers in Germany and in the United States have separately de- termined that high levels of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), a protein in the blood indicative of neuroaxonal injury, are associated with complications. A simple blood test identifying NfL levels can help identify cancer pa- tients who are at risk of developing ICANS following CAR T-cell ther- apy. ICANS represents a broad spectrum of neurologic symptoms ranging from mild confusion, tremor, headaches, difficulty read- ing, difficulty concentrating, lethar- gy, and memory problems to se- vere brain swelling, seizures, coma, and even death. Between 40% to 60% of patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy develop ICANS. Two independent studies, one con- ducted at the Washington Univer- 2 In lab, a virus “infects” T cells with CARs. 1 Patient donates blood to get T cells. www.healthcare-in-europe.com Harnessing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy uses the child’s own immune cells to seek out and kill tumor cells. 3 CAR T cells muitiply. 4 Tests ensure safety and purity. sity at St. Louis (WUSTL) and the other by a multi-institutional Ger- man team led by researchers at Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, have identified that higher NfL levels in cancer pa- tients’ pre-CAR T-cell treatment correlate with the severity of sub- sequent ICANS. German multi-institutional study Principal investigator Prof Louisa von Baumgarten, MD, of LMU’s co- University Hospital, researchers that and hypothesized neuroaxonal integrity might have an important role in determining the severity of ICANS. Their hy- pothesis was based on numerous studies demonstrating that NfL serum levels correlate well with cerebrospinal fluid levels, mirror the extent of neuroaxonal injury, and predict outcomes for severe neurologic conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neurodegener- ative disorders, traumatic brain in- jury, and ischemic stroke. their serum NfL Ninety-six patients being treated at CAR T-cell therapy centres at LMU and University Hospital Heidelberg had levels measured five days before treat- ment, the day of treatment, and on the day that maximum ICANS symptoms were exhibited. NfL pre- levels were significantly higher in patients who developed moderate to severe ICANS after CAR T-cell transfusion than in patients repor- ting no or mild ICANS. Both post- treatment and pre-treatment NfL le- vels correlated with the severity of the subsequent neurotoxicity. l a t i p s o H h c r a e s e R s ’ n e r d l i h C e d u J . t S . 0 2 0 2 t h g i r y p o C © 6 CAR T cells HUNT for cancer cells, BIND to them and DESTROY them 5 CAR T cells infused into patient. Predicting severe neurotoxicity Writing in Blood Advances, the re- searchers said, ‘These findings sug- gest that measuring the level of NfL – alone or in combination with known risk factors such as tumour burden, CAR T-cell expansion, sys- temic inflammation, and immune system activation – might be useful to predict severe neurotoxicity after CAR T-cell transfusion […]. Our data imply an increased risk for more se- vere ICANS as a result of neur- oaxonal injury if NfL – pre-treatment is greater than 75 pg/ml.’ They are currently validating the predictive value of NfL levels in a prospective setting, and correlating findings with EEG, fMRI, and comprehensive neuropsychologic testing. USA study Armin Ghobadi, MD, and Beau M. Ances, MD, PhD, both of WUSTL, led a similar study, published in JAMA Oncology. They measured plasma NfL levels of 30 patients re- ceiving CAR T therapy at WUSTL and Case Western Reserve Univer- sity in Cleveland at seven time- points, starting at baseline pre-CAR T infusion to 30 days after. They analysed NfL levels in patients who developed each severity grade of ICANS and those who did not, as well as age, sex, tumour burden, history of neurologic disease, and history of neurotoxic therapies. ‘Patients who developed any grade ICANS had significant elevations in baseline NfL level,’ they write. ‘Baseline NfL level correlated with ICANS grade. No association was observed with demographic, onco- logic, neurologic, or exposure to neurotoxic risk factors, such as CRS. The risk of developing ICANS is associated with pre-existing neuroaxonal injury that was quan- tifiable with plasma NfL level in a subset of patients.’ Ongoing prospective trial WUSTL lead author Omar H. Butt, MD, PhD, tells European Hospital that the team is scaling up to wide scale testing in the near future. ‘We are also trying to determine where in the brain this injury originates, how this injury interacts with the immune system to develop symp- toms, and how long the injury lasts after symptoms along with its lin- gering consequences. All these questions are under active investi- gation with an ongoing pros- pective trial integrating advanced neuroimaging with blood and spi- nal fluid biomarkers and neuro- physiological testing in patients undergoing cellular therapy.’ ■ Report: Cynthia E. 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